Ratios of twig weight or twig plus leaf weight to twig length in flowering dogwood plants vary meaningfully by season, geographic location, and year. Where the weight of new growth is predicted from twig lengths, the ratio of weight to length should be determined for the population being studied.

Shade increased summerlong gain of yearling Hereford steers on rangeland by a profitable 19 lb./head in a 4-year study. High summer humidity depressed steer gains much more than did high summer temperature. The combined effects of humidity above 45% and temperature above 85 F were especially harmful. Each "hot muggy day" reduced summerlong steer gains by 1 lb. Cattle eagerly sought shade during hot summer days. By manipulating shade, cattle were drawn to under-utilized areas of a pasture to reduce damaging spot grazing. Shade was nearly as effective as water location and supplemental feeding as a tool to promote uniform grazing within a pasture. South-facing, open sheds used as winter shelters did not increase steer gains, nor would the steers use them even during storms./El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en la estación experimental de Planicios del Sur cerca de Woodward, Oklahoma, E.U.A., durante los años de 1959-1962 comprendiendo un período de cuatro años. Este estudio incluyó sombreadores hechos a mano y novillas de la raza Hereford de un año de edad. Se encontró que los sombreadores no influyeron en la producción durante el invierno pero las ganancias en peso aumentaron en 8.6 Kgs. durante el verano. Dicho aumento amortizó en dos años el costo de los sombreadores a $9.00 (Dlls.) por novillo. Se registró mas efecto adverso en humedades altas que en las temperaturas altas. Los aumentos en peso fueron menores con mas de 45% de humedad relativa y 30°C de temperatura. Los animales buscaron sombra durante el verano y por eso fué preciso poner en buena localización los sombreadores para tener uniformidad de pastorero del pastizal.

Range management instruction in East Africa is centered in the 3-year diploma course at Egerton College, Kenya. Since 1966, range diplomates have received AID Scholarships to study toward B.S. and M.S. degrees in the U.S.A. The return flow of range graduates began to replace expatriate range specialists in 1969.

A photographic technique for recording changes in vegetation on small fixed quadrats has been modified and improved. Two 35 mm cameras fired simultaneously are used instead of one to take stereophotographs. Transparencies are viewed directly by transmitted light under a zoom stereoscope and plant cover measured by point counts made on the photographs with the aid of a counter connected to an electrically operated stage. Assessment of species composition and herbage weight is also possible from the photographs which themselves form a permanent record of vegetation on the quadrats.

Soil temperature at the 18-inch depth was the most important factor affecting response of honey mesquite to 2,4,5-T application. Temperatures at this depth in the high 60's F or low 70's F resulted in no mesquite kills with the best results obtained if temperatures were over 80 F. Phenological development was essentially as important with plants having mature leaves and seed pods being easiest to kill. Trees with small and blooming spikes and those without flowers or pods were hardest to kill with 2,4,5-T. Other variables usually considered important, such as soil moisture, were important only in combination with other variables. Mesquite trees growing on upland and sandy sites are apparently more susceptible to 2,4,5-T largely because the soil is usually several degrees F warmer than bottomland and clay sites.

Grasses producing high forage yields in a 20 to 28 inch precipitation zone of northeastern Oregon on volcanic ash soil (Tolo silt loam) cleared of a stagnant forest were Greenar intermediate wheatgrass, Sherman big bluegrass, and Regar bromegrass. Tall oatgrass, meadow foxtail, and creeping meadow foxtail were high yielding when fertilized. Annually fertilizing with 60 lbs. N, 10 lbs. P, and 11 lbs. S/acre increased the mean annual forage yield 1800 lbs./acre. Fertilizing increased downy brome in species not well adapted. Fertilized forage contained a slightly lower nitrogen concentration than non-fertilized forage.

A multiple-effect approach is illustrated for evaluating the economic impact of a forage development and management project on a ranching enterprise. A nucleus project, such as an irrigated pasture, may result in a chain reaction of other potential adjustments in land use, animal husbandry, and resource management. The economic benefits illustrated are considerably greater than those usually associated with range and pasture projects because multiple effects that accrue within the total operation are considered. This is an important item for the ranch operator when making decisions on financing potential developments. Some broad guidelines are presented which are useful for evaluating economic aspects of land use, forage management and animal husbandry in conjunction with each other.

Certain saltbush taxa can be established by direct seeding and may reduce fire hazards on fuel-breaks in California chaparral areas. Fourwing, allscale, and Gardner saltbushes were seeded at depths of 1/2 and 1 inch on four spring dates 2 to 4 weeks apart on noncalcareous soils at two test sites. A planting depth of 1/2 inch gave better results than 1 inch, and late spring when mean soil temperatures range between 60 and 65 F is apparently the best time for seeding if moisture is adequate. Fourwing saltbush produced the best stands and largest plants. The saltbush species and strains from sources closer to the planting site, or similar to it, or have the widest distributional range and tolerance to soil salts are most likely to be established by direct seeding and grow satisfactorily on neutral to slightly acid soil.

Sideoats grama can be successfully interseeded into abandoned cropland on the High Plains of Texas. The use of fertilizer and alfalfa with planting did not increase the stand, plant size, or production of sideoats grama. It is concluded that interseeding can increase total forage production but the inclusion of fertilizer and alfalfa in this particular study was an added expense that could not be justified. Livestock showed a definite preference for the forage on the interseeded areas over that on the non-seeded areas. Species utilization by cattle was found to be highest for kochia, followed by silver bluestem, sideoats grama, western wheatgrass, sand dropseed, red threeawn and tumble windmillgrass.