Herbicides 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and dicamba applied in spring or fall usually did not reduce yields of bermudagrass. When applied during dry periods, picloram reduced density and yield of bermudagrass. Degree of bermudagrass injury was directly related to rate of herbicide. "Common," "Coastal," and "Coastcross-1" varieties responded similarly to each herbicide studied. Kleingrass, a new forage grass growing in the plot area, was tolerant of all herbicide treatments, including picloram.

Saltbush (Atriplex halimus L.) in the semiarid south of Israel was analyzed for leaf sodium, chlorine, and oxalic acid in order to identify and propagate low-salt bushes likely to be browsed more readily by range cattle and sheep. No correlation was found between leaf chlorine and growth habit factors like bush size and leafiness, or between chlorine and sodium. High-chlorine bushes had a lower Na/Cl ratio, and probably a substantial proportion of the Na+ and Cl- ions are not linked as NaCl. Leaf oxalic acid was lower in high-chlorine bushes. The data suggest that moisture streess sharply reduced insoluble leaf oxalate. Values found are unlikely to cause toxicity problems in livestock.

Herbage production on the loamy upland range site in southeastern Kansas is related to seasonal precipitation. April through September precipitation gave the most reliable predictor of total herbage production. However, this value cannot be determined early enough in the season to make adjustments in livestock numbers on seasonally grazed ranges. May through July precipitation, though less precise than that for April through September, can also be used to predict herbage yields and is timely enough for seasonal adjustments in livestock. Big bluestem was the only major species that showed significant correlation with seasonal precipitation. May through July precipitation was the best predictor of the herbage produced by this species.

A rotating disk rainfall simulator was used to examine infiltration-runoff relations from selected rangeland sites as influenced by a soil-vegetation complex. The simulator assisted in quantifying infiltration rates for different management practices on different soil types. Infiltration was greater for brush dominated plots than for either grazed plots or grass plots without grazing. Antecedent soil moisture decreased infiltration rates. Crown cover was approximately twice as much on brush plots as on grass plots and significantly influenced infiltration.

The atrazine-fallow technique was evaluated for 3 years on study areas of from 50 to 1,000 acres. Atrazine at 0.6 to 1.2 lb/acre was applied in the fall by ground rig, by fixed-wing aircraft, or by helicopter. Ground-rig application gave the most uniform control of cheatgrass and tumble mustard during the fallow year. Air application usually left weedy strips between swaths of excellent weed control. Wheatgrasses and other species of grasses and forbs were fall-seeded with the standard and deep-furrow rangeland drills 1 year after herbicide application. Fair to excellent seedling stands were obtained in all years. However, in 1 year a valid evaluation of treatment effects was not possible because of depradation and unusually high spring precipitation in the seedling year. In 2 years, environmental conditions were near normal, and depredation was reduced by use of large study areas and insect control. Under these conditions, good established stands of crested, intermediate, pubescent, and Siberian wheatgrasses were obtained by the chemical-fallow technique.

Planting depth of Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.) influenced seedling growth during the seedling year. In field plantings over 4 years at two locations, plants from 2.5- and 3.8-cm planting depths were significantly taller than plants from the 1.3-cm depth. In greenhouse plantings, plants from 3.8-cm planting depth were consistently taller than plants from the 1.3-cm depth, but the plants from the 1.3-cm depth generally produced more tillers. Transplants with crowns set 1.3 cm deep produced more tillers than those with crowns set 3.8 cm deep. Depth of transplanting had no effect on height of plants. The height difference between plants planted at different depths apparently resulted from some form of seedling selection at greater depths, but the number of tillers probably was determined by crown depth alone. Grass breeders using planting depth to evaluate seedling vigor may be inadvertently selecting for taller plants. Weight per plant tended to be higher for the 1.3-cm planting depth than for the 3.8-cm depth, but this effect was not consistent.

Six years following type conversion of a chaparral plot in southern California, density per acre and number of shrub species were reduced by 79.7% and 40%, respectively. Replanting following brush removal resulted in establishment of a perennial bunchgrass community with a basal area of 7% as compared to essentially no grass on the control plot.

Total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) levels were significantly different among eight range grasses at maturity. Roots, rhizomes, and stem bases (storage organs), differed significantly in percentage TNC within rhizomatous and bunch-type (non-rhizomatous) grasses. Percent organic nitrogen differed significantly among grasses and storage organs but not to the same extent as occurred with TNC. We suggest that TNC concentrations of storage organs must be determined for each grass before sampling for TNC levels, in order to locate storage organs with greatest TNC concentration.