RSS 1.0Animal Systems
ABOUT THE COLLECTION
Arizona Cooperative Extension is an outreach arm of The University of Arizona and the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS). The repository collection includes current and historical Extension publications on these topics: Animal Systems; Consumer Education; Farm Management and Safety; Food Safety, Nutrition and Health; Gardening/Home Horticulture; Insects and Pest Management; Marketing and Retailing; Natural Resources and Environment; Plant Diseases; Plant Production/Crops; Water; and Youth and Family. Current publications are also available from the Cooperative Extension Publications website.
QUESTIONS?
Contact College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Publications at pubs@cals.arizona.edu.
Recent Submissions
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Foundations of Virtual Fencing: Exploring the Complexities and ChallengesAcross the Western United States, ranchers and land managers rely on thousands of miles of physical wire fencing to manage livestock on extensive rangelands and pastoral systems (Hayter, 1939; Netz, 2004). This type of fence has improved rangeland conditions in many places by allowing the implementation of various grazing systems (Holechek et al., 2011). However, wire fencing can fragment landscape connectivity, pose risks to wildlife, require significant financial investment, and offer little flexibility to implement adaptive management strategies (e.g., adjust pasture size, manipulate grazing distribution, limit potential for over-use, avoid sensitive habitat) within a given pasture (Jakes et al., 2018).
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Identifying and Mitigating Ionophore PoisoningIonophores (e.g. Monensin, Rumensin, etc.) are toxic and can be deadly in equids (horses, donkeys, mules). Livestock, goats, and poultry can get health benefits from ionophores in their feed since they promote growth and act as a natural antibiotic. However, 1/10th of a safe amount for livestock can cause heart damage and death in horses. The feed label will clearly say “medicated”, list the specific ionophore, and warn about toxicity for horses. That is why it is critical to keep feeds separate and clearly labeled in the feed area, and to make sure horses are not sharing pens/feed with livestock receiving the medicated feed. One Oklahoma Ranch lost almost 80 horses (August, 2024) due to human and possibly mechanical error at the feed mill. Learn more about risk mitigation for your horse/livestock operations.
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Animal Disease Traceability Rule Affecting CattleThe Animal Disease Traceability rule has been amended to now require the use of an electronic identification device (EID) tags that can be read both electronically and visually for certain classes of cattle and bison transported across state lines. The new rule will take effect November 5, 2024. Greater animal disease traceability is crucial to maintain commerce and reduce the economic impact on producers and the industry in the case of significant disease outbreak.
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Considerations for Implementing Artificial Insemination on Arizona Cow-Calf OperationsArtificial Insemination (AI) is an advanced reproductive technology with several potential benefits to a cow-calf producer’s profitability. Arizona producers who implement AI on their operation may increase calf crop value by creating more uniformity and introducing high-quality genetics into their herd. However, there are also factors and costs related to cattle management, facilities, labor, and marketing that producers should consider when deciding to implement AI.
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Foundations of Virtual Fencing: Strategies for Collar ManagementAcross the Western United States, ranchers and land managers rely on thousands of miles of physical wire fencing to manage livestock on extensive rangelands and pastoral systems (Hayter, 1939). This type of fence has improved rangeland condition in many places by allowing the creation of managed grazing systems (Holechek et al., 2011). However, physical fences can fragment landscape connectivity, pose a risk to wildlife, and impose major financial investment on land managers and producers (Jakes et al., 2018).
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Why FDA Approved Medications Matter for Your 4-H AnimalsParticipants in youth livestock competitions learn more than just how to raise and show animals—they also play a role in our food system. It’s important to know which products and medications are allowed for use on livestock because many of these animals enter the human food chain after the show. By understanding and following the rules, youth help ensure that meat and animal products meet strict safety standards. This not only protects public health but also upholds the fairness of the competition, teaches ethics, and shows responsibility in animal care. Learning these guidelines is key to building a safer and more sustainable future for agriculture. Youth who raise livestock projects have the responsibility to make sure their animals’ products are safe and healthy. Exhibitors must follow the same rules and regulations as all livestock producers, even for breeding animals that aren’t being sold. To prevent drug residues from entering the human food chain, only FDA-approved products (like medications or treatments) can be used. When using any product—whether it’s over-the-counter or prescribed by a vet—you must follow the label carefully. The label explains which illnesses can be treated, which species can be treated, how to give the medicine, and how long the withdrawal time is. This guide is here to help you understand the products you can use and how to use them safely. If you’re ever unsure about treating your animal or whether a product is allowed, ask your veterinarian for help.
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Purchasing Chicks for Backyard Flocks – Frequently Asked QuestionsIf you’re considering backyard or hobby poultry-keeping, it’s natural to have a lot of questions about purchasing and raising chicks to be healthy, productive hens. This guide will answer some of the most frequent questions that arise before you buy your first chicks and covers some essential information about general chicken raising needs, acquiring chicks and some key terminology.
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Foundations of Virtual Fencing: Training and Animal WelfareIn Arizona and other western states, ranchers and land managers rely on thousands of miles of permanent wire fencing to manage livestock on extensive rangelands (Hayter 1939; Netz 2004). This type of fencing has improved rangeland conditions in many places by aiding in the application of grazing systems (Holecheck et al. 2011). However, wire fencing can fragment landscape connectivity, pose a risk to wildlife, and is a major financial investment. Moreover, it offers limited flexibility in adjusting pasture size, actively manipulating grazing distribution, or avoiding high-use areas or sensitive habitats within a pasture (Jakes et al. 2018).
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Foundations of Virtual Fencing: The Vital Role of High-Quality GIS DataIn Arizona and other western states, ranchers and land managers rely on thousands of miles of permanent wire fencing to manage livestock on extensive rangelands(Hayter, 1939). This type of fencing has led to improved rangeland conditions in many places by aiding in the application of grazing systems. However, wire fencing can fragment landscape connectivity, pose a risk to wildlife, is a major financial investment, and provides little to no flexibility to rapidly change pasture size, manipulate grazing distribution, or avoid areas of high use or sensitive habitat within a pasture (Holechek et al., 2011; Jakes et al., 2018). As a result, there are constraints on the use of permanent fences as a tool for managing riparian health, post-fire vegetation recovery, or improving livestock distribution. While electric fencing can be used to address some of these problems (Barnes and Howell, 2013), electric fencing can be hard to implement across large pastures and requires a significant time investment to setup and move. Virtual fence (VF) technology is an emerging precision livestock management tool used to address these limitations and increase management flexibility and adaptive capacity to respond to changing.
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What is Virtual Fence? Basics of a Virtual Fencing SystemIn Arizona and other western states, ranchers and land managers rely on thousands of miles of permanent wire fencing to manage livestock on rangelands. Patented in 1874, this type of fencing has been widely used to control the timing and distribution of livestock grazing across the landscape (Ray and Schamel 1997). When combined with modern rangeland management principles, the use of wire fencing has led to improved rangeland condition in many places by aiding in the application of grazing systems (Holecheck et al. 2011). However, permanent fencing also results in significant management limitations. Wire fencing can fragment landscape connectivity, pose a risk to wildlife, and can be a major financial investment for ranchers and land management agencies to establish and maintain (Jakes et al. 2018). Additionally, permanent fences provide little to no flexibility to rapidly change pasture size, manipulate grazing distribution, or avoid areas of high use or sensitive habitat within a pasture. As a result, there are constraints on the use of permanent fences as a tool for managing riparian health, post-fire vegetation recovery, or improving livestock distribution. Precision livestock management technologies have emerged in recent years to address these limitations and increase management flexibility and adaptive capacity to respond to changing environmental conditions as part of a larger grazing management system that balances economic and ecological outcomes (Trotter 2010; di Virgilio et al. 2018; Lima et al. 2018). Virtual fencing is one such technology.
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The Brown Dog Tick and Epidemic Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Arizona and northwestern MexicoThe brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus, has a worldwide distribution and is found throughout the United States (US) and Mexico. This tick is driving epidemics of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in Arizona and northwest Mexico. As the name suggests, the tick mainly takes blood meals from dogs, but it will also feed on humans and other mammals, and can carry serious disease causing pathogens. In the early 2000’s it was found to transmit Rickettsia rickettsii, (a gram-negative, intracellular, coccobacillus bacterium) that causes RMSF in Arizona. This was the first time this tick species has been associated with the disease in the US (Demma et al. 2005). Similar outbreaks occurred at the same time in Sonora and more recently in Baja California (Alvarez- Hernandez et al. 2017).
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4-H Project Essentials - Livestock Feeding Glossary of TermsThis resource is intended to give 4-H leaders, youth, and families an overview of key terminology involved in the feeding of livestock.
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A Guide to the Hormones Used in Cattle Estrus Synchronization for Artificial InseminationThe University of Arizona hosts several Artificial Insemination (A.I.) clinics for cattle producers each year.One of the most common points of confusion for producers navigating the A.I. process is understanding estrus synchronization and determining which products are equivalent to each other across manufacturers. This fact sheet is provided as a guide to help identify equivalent estrus synchronization products across major brands, it is not intended to promote any specific brand or product. The University of Arizona does not endorse any specific product and recommends users do their own research and work with their veterinarian to determine which products are appropriate for them and their operation.
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Arizona 4-H Livestock Judging: Program Overview4-H Livestock judging is a great program opportunity where youth can strengthen their decision-making abilities, grow communication skills, and develop sound critical thinking and articulate reasoning. Youth that excel in livestock judging cultivate an ethic of research, practice, and work hard to communicate clearly and concisely to judges and peers. Livestock judging is a competitive event centered around the visual evaluation of an animal’s physical traits and at times performance data. The goal is to compare and contrast four animals in a class against each other as well as the “ideal” animal.
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Best Practices for Healthy HorsekeepingBiosecurity Basics: A New Perspective Post Pandemic. Whoever imagined that a worldwide pandemic would help highlight the value and importance of horse disease prevention processes/practices and biosecurity? Some have compared our covid pandemic experience to “The Great Epizootic”, an equine disease outbreak that brought our nation to its horse-drawn knees in 1872 (Moates, 2020). Previously, biosecurity education in the horse world was often met with the “teenage eye roll” reaction, or comments, such as “It will never happen to me”, but since COVID-19, knowledge and understanding of disease prevention has improved. Many people have been directly or indirectly affected/impacted by illness, loss of loved ones, canceled events, and quarantines. Regardless of personal views on the response to the pandemic, very few people would not be able to rattle off “wash your hands, don’t touch your face, and social distance”. One key difference between humans and horses is that horses don't have the ability to make their own decisions about biosecurity. Human caretakers can help set horses up for success or failure.
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Honeybee Series: Fall and Winter Management of Honeybees in ArizonaIf you have taken good care of your bees through the summer, and cooler Fall temperatures are now here, you have a new focus for success in the Fall. Usually, your hives are all equal strength, Varroa mite numbers are low, and the honey harvest is over so all honey supers should have been pulled off the hives as well as queen excluders. Now is the time to allow your bees to fill the two bottom brood boxes with honey and bee bread in preparation for winter survival, as well as raise fat bees that are better suited to live longer during the winter months.
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Honeybee Series: Feeding Your BeesYes, bees have survived for thousands of years without human intervention, but for the Beekeeper who wants to be successful raising bees, sometimes your bees will need supplemental feed. Maybe you have your hives located where there aren’t enough floral resources available year-round to sustain the colony. Maybe the weather is too cold, wet or windy for a long time and colony resources are depleted. Maybe you’ve just installed a swarm into a new hive. All of these instances are good reasons to supplement the naturally available floral resources with feed.
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Honeybee Series: Getting ready for your first HiveEvery beekeeper should make a goal to have both healthy and productive hives. The most important step to achieve this goal is lifelong learning. Research is ongoing and constantly updating the current best practices, so the successful beekeeper needs to develop connections to keep up to date with the latest and greatest discoveries, and how they affect your existing practices. Join a local beekeeping club, subscribe to a beekeeping journal, or follow your local beekeeping organization on social media.
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Honeybee Series: Harvesting Honey in ArizonaFor new beekeepers starting out, the investment in an extractor can be over your budget. For this reason, it is a great idea to be a member of your local Beekeeper club where they often let members borrow the club extractor. You can also find other beekeepers that live close to you that will allow you to come borrow their extracting equipment. Good extractors can make quick work out of the harvesting task. If you are going to harvest several times a year to produce specialty monofloral honeys, you should consider purchasing your own extractor and setting up a honey kitchen.
