Los jardines proporcionan un entorno de aprendizaje práctico para involucrar a los niños pequeños. Si bien requieren cierta planificación y recursos para construir y mantener, incorporar actividades de jardinería en su aula o centro de educación infantil puede ser gratificante para los maestros y niños. A continuación, proporcionamos sugerencias para planificar un jardín, actividades de jardinería y cómo utilizar las actividades de jardinería para promover el aprendizaje y el desarrollo.

En el desierto de baja altitud de Arizona, los céspedes de temporada cálida (césped bermuda, césped zoysia y césped San Agustín) entran en estado de dormancia y típicamente pierden su color verde durante el invierno. La sobresiembra de césped bermuda con un césped de temporada fría proporciona un césped verde durante todo el año. Un césped invernal sobresembrado proporciona un paisaje estético y funcionalmente ofrece un césped recreativo.

In Arizona and other western states, ranchers and land managers rely on thousands of miles of permanent wire fencing to manage livestock on extensive rangelands (Hayter 1939; Netz 2004). This type of fencing has improved rangeland conditions in many places by aiding in the application of grazing systems (Holecheck et al. 2011). However, wire fencing can fragment landscape connectivity, pose a risk to wildlife, and is a major financial investment. Moreover, it offers limited flexibility in adjusting pasture size, actively manipulating grazing distribution, or avoiding high-use areas or sensitive habitats within a pasture (Jakes et al. 2018).

Monitoring soil moisture content is a critical aspect of effective irrigation scheduling. Maintaining optimal soil moisture levels is essential for plant growth and crop yield. Soil moisture monitoring can be accomplished through various methods, including the use of capacitance sensors that measure dielectric properties for volumetric water content assessments. Alternatively, traditional methods such as gravimetric sampling, primarily utilized in research, require weighing soil samples before and after drying to determine moisture content. These methods provide valuable insights for irrigation management, helping growers optimize water use and enhance crop productivity (Gu et al., 2020).

In Arizona and other western states, ranchers and land managers rely on thousands of miles of permanent wire fencing to manage livestock on rangelands. Patented in 1874, this type of fencing has been widely used to control the timing and distribution of livestock grazing across the landscape (Ray and Schamel 1997). When combined with modern rangeland management principles, the use of wire fencing has led to improved rangeland condition in many places by aiding in the application of grazing systems (Holecheck et al. 2011). However, permanent fencing also results in significant management limitations. Wire fencing can fragment landscape connectivity, pose a risk to wildlife, and can be a major financial investment for ranchers and land management agencies to establish and maintain (Jakes et al. 2018). Additionally, permanent fences provide little to no flexibility to rapidly change pasture size, manipulate grazing distribution, or avoid areas of high use or sensitive habitat within a pasture. As a result, there are constraints on the use of permanent fences as a tool for managing riparian health, post-fire vegetation recovery, or improving livestock distribution. Precision livestock management technologies have emerged in recent years to address these limitations and increase management flexibility and adaptive capacity to respond to changing environmental conditions as part of a larger grazing management system that balances economic and ecological outcomes (Trotter 2010; di Virgilio et al. 2018; Lima et al. 2018). Virtual fencing is one such technology.

This document is intended to provide a brief overview of the blacksmithing program, instructional resources, equipment, and learning resources for beginning 4-H blacksmithing instructors. There are infinite rabbit holes that a beginning blacksmith can go down, and this project is an excellent means to support youth in finding their own spark. The information below is a general introduction to strategies for safe and educational youth experiences, the types and purposes of tooling used by smiths, locations to purchase equipment, and some good resources for learning to make your own tools and projects.

The brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus, has a worldwide distribution and is found throughout the United States (US) and Mexico. This tick is driving epidemics of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in Arizona and northwest Mexico. As the name suggests, the tick mainly takes blood meals from dogs, but it will also feed on humans and other mammals, and can carry serious disease causing pathogens. In the early 2000’s it was found to transmit Rickettsia rickettsii, (a gram-negative, intracellular, coccobacillus bacterium) that causes RMSF in Arizona. This was the first time this tick species has been associated with the disease in the US (Demma et al. 2005). Similar outbreaks occurred at the same time in Sonora and more recently in Baja California (Alvarez- Hernandez et al. 2017).